import numpy as np # Data: 3 variables, 4 observations each # Row 0 = Variable X, Row 1 = Variable Y, Row 2 = Variable Z data = np.array([ [10, 12, 14, 16], [2, 4, 6, 8], [5, 3, 5, 7] ]) # Calculate sample covariance matrix (uses N - 1 normalization) cov_matrix = np.cov(data) print("Covariance Matrix:") print(cov_matrix)