Overview
In its abstract formulation, approximation is the process of finding an element of a set that is closest to an chosen element of another set. (possibly superset)
For the most part, approximation is usually applied to functions. That is, there is a function that is to be approximated, and there is a set of functions used to approximate the target function.
Topics
Approximation can take different forms, based on the type of space that is being considered.